The Impact of Sewage, Human Activity, Fishing, and Storms on the Coral Reef Ecosystem in Benghazi, Derna, and Tobruk areas, Northeast Libya

Abstract

Coral reefs along the Libyan coastline, particularly near Benghazi, Derna, and Tobruk, play a vital role in supporting marine biodiversity and contributing to the local economy. However, these ecosystems face significant threats due to a combination of anthropogenic pressures and natural events. Sewage discharge, unregulated human activity, unsustainable fishing practices, and the increasing frequency of catastrophic storms all contribute to the degradation of these critical habitats. Recent studies have revealed a concerning shift in the structure of the reefs, with many coral-dominated areas being replaced by algal reefs. This transition is exacerbated by plastic pollution, which not only physically harms coral structures but also hinders their ability to recover. Furthermore, the effects of climate change, including rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification, are intensifying the vulnerability of these reefs. This paper investigates the extent of these environmental stressors, with a particular focus on the role of pollution, overfishing, and climate change in coral decline. We provide a detailed analysis of the implications of these factors and propose recommendations for mitigating further damage, emphasizing the urgent need for effective conservation strategies to preserve these vital ecosystems.