Efficacy of Antifungal Activities of Some Plant Extracts and Essential Oils Against Macrophomina phaseolina Strawberry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63359/3kp22155Keywords:
Garlic, clove, cinnamonAbstract
Macrophomina phaseolina is a significant noxious fungus that spreads through seeds and soil. It is a serious disease agent affecting the strawberry crop (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), commonly known as charcoal rot. Natural plant extracts and their essential oils (EOs) are rich sources of fungitoxic compounds that can serve as alternatives to synthetic fungicides. In this study, M. phaseolina, as a fungal plant pathogen, was isolated from infected roots of a strawberry plant. Moreover, the biological effect of three plant extracts: garlic (Allium sativum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and their essential oils was investigated against the mycelium growth of M. phaseolina in vitro. Plant extracts were extracted using hot and cold extraction procedures and their effects were tested at four concentrations: 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Results revealed that all three investigated plant extracts had a significant inhibitory effect on the mycelium growth (% IMG) of the fungal pathogen at all tested concentrations. Meanwhile, clove had the highest of % IMG, followed by garlic, and cinnamon had the lowest of % IMG (p < 0.0001). The cold extracts of both clove and garlic had a noticeable effect on inhibiting fungal hyphae compared with hot extracts (p < 0.05); in contrast, the extraction method had no differential effect on inhibiting fungal hyphae growth, whether the extraction was cold or hot, when cinnamon extracts were used, especially at high concentrations of extracts, 75% and 100% (p > 0.05). Moreover, a profound effect of using the essential oils of three plants (garlic, clove and cinnamon) on the mycelium growth of M. phaseolina compared with the control sample was observed (p < 0.05). Comparing the use of these oils with that of the fungicide, there were no significant differences in their effect on fungal growth at all tested concentrations (p > 0.05) except for the use of garlic oil at a concentration of 25% (p < 0.0001). This study suggests that clove, garlic and cinnamon extracts and their EOs could be promising candidates for preventing charcoal rot infection in strawberry; therefore, more in vivo studies are needed.
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